EPUBLICAN  PLATFORM 


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1912 


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Adopted  by  the 


REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 


At  Chicago 


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JUNE  22,  1912 


THE  lIBHARy  OF  THE 


'  V-';:,.  •  , 


JUL  1  0  1924 

•  JmVERSITY  Of  iLLINOIS 

W.  J.  HARTMAN  CO. 

Printers  apd  Binders  tea  Chicaifo,  Illinois 


'  p.iiii  10  1924 

JNlVtRSlTY  OF  ILLINOIS 

■Republican  Platform 


1912 


\ 

The  Republican  Party,  assembled  by  its  representatives  in 
National  Convention,  declares  its  unchanging  faith  in  government  of 
the  people,  by  the  people,  for  the  people.  We  renew  our  allegiance 
^  to  the  principles  of  the  Republican  Party  and  our  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  Republican  institutions  established  by  the  fathers. 

^  It  is  appropriate  that  we  should  now  recall  with  a  sense  of 

veneration  and  gratitude  the  name  of  our  first  great  leader,  who  was 
nominated  in  this  city  and  whose  lofty  principles  and  superb  devo¬ 
tion  to  his  country  are  an  inspiration  to  the  party  he  honored— 
Abraham  Lincoln.  In  the  present  state  of  public  affairs  we  should 
be  inspired  by  his  broad  statesmanship  and  by  his  tolerant  spirit 
toward  men. 

The  Republican  Party  looks  back  upon  its  record  with  pride 
and  satisfaction,  and  forward  to  its  new  responsibilities  with  hope 
and  confidence.  Its  achievements  in  government  constitute  the  most 
luminous  pages  in  our  history.  Our  greatest  national  advance  has 
been  made  during  the  years  of  its  ascendency  in  public  affairs.  It 
has  been  genuinely  and  always  a  party  of  progress;  it  has  never  been 
^  either  stationary  or  reactionary.  It  has  gone  from  the  fulfillment  of 

one  great  pledge  to  the  fulfillment  of  another  in  response  to  the 
public  need  and  to  the  popular  will. 

*  We  believe  in  our  self-controlled  representative  democracy, 

wlirich  is  a  government  of  laws,  not  of  men,  and  in  which  order  is 
the  pi-^pequisite  of  progress. 

^  The  principles  of  constitutional  government  which  make  pro¬ 
vision  for  orderly  and  effective  expression  of  the  popular  will,  for 
the  protection  of  civil  liberty  and  the  rights  of  men,  and  for  the 


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interpretation  of  the  law  by  an  untrammelled  and  independent  judi¬ 
ciary,  have  proved  themselves  capable  of  sustaining  the  structure  of 
a  government  which,  after  more  than  a  century  of  development, 
embraces  one  hundred  millions  of  people,  scattered  over  a  wide  and 
diverse  territory,  but  bound  by  common  purpose,  common  ideals 
and  common  affection  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Under  the  Constitution  and  the  principles  asserted  and  vitalized  by 
it,  the  United  States  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  great  civilized 
and  civilizing  powers  of  the  earth.  i  It  offers  a  home  and  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  to  the  ambitious  and  the  industrious  from  other  lands.  Rest¬ 
ing  upon  the  broad  basis  of  a  people’s  confidence  and  a  people’s 
support,  and  managed  by  the  people  themselves,^ the  Government  of 
the  United  States  will  meet  the  problems  of  the  future  as  satis-' 
factorily  as  it  has  solved  those  of  the  past. 

Proposed  Legislation 

The  Republican  Party  is  now,  as  always,  a  party  of  advanced 
and  constructive  statesmanship.  It  is  prepared  to  go  forward  with 
the  solution  of  these  new  questions  which  social,  economic  and 
political  development  have  brought  into  the  forefront  of  the  nation’s 
interest.  It  will  strive,  not  only  in  the  nation,  but  in  the  several 
States,  to  enact  the  necessary  legislation  to  safeguard  the  public 
liealth;  to  limit  effectively  the  labor  of  women  and  children,  to  pro-' 
tect  wage-earners  engaged  in  dangerous  occupations,  to  enact  com¬ 
prehensive  and  generous  workmen’s  compensation  laws  in  place  ol 
the  present  wasteful  and  unjust  system  of  employers’  liability,  and 
in  all  possible  ways  satisfy  the  just  demand  of  the  people  for  the 
study  and  solution  of  the  complex  and  constantly  changing  problems 
of  social  welfare. 

In  dealing  with  these  questions  it  is  important  that  the  rights 
of  every  individual  to  the  freest  possible  development  of  his  own 
powers  and  resources,  and  to  the  control  of  his  owm  justly  acquired 
property,  so  far  as  those  are  compatible  with  the  rights  of  others, 
shall  not  be  interfered  with  or  destroyed.  The  social  and  political 


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structure  of  the  United  States  rests  upon  the  civil  liberty  of  the 
individual,  and  for  the  protection  of  that  liberty  the  people  have 
wisely,  in  the  National  and  State  Constitutions,  put  definite  limita¬ 
tions  upon  themselves  and  upon  their  governmental  officers  and 
agencies.  To  enforce  these  limitations,  to  secure  the  orderly  and 
coherent  exercise  of  governmental  powers  and  to  protect  the  rights 
of  even  the  humblest  and  least  favored  individual,  are  the  function 
of  independent  courts  of  justice. 

To  Uphold  Courts 

The  Republican  Party  reaffirms  its  intention  to  uphold  at  all 
times  the  authority  and  integrity  of  the  courts,  both  State  and 
Federal,  and  it  will  ever  insist  that  their  powers  to  enforce  their 
process  and  to  protect  life,  liberty  and  property  shall  be  preserved 
inviolate.  An  orderly  method  is  provided  under  our  system  of  gov¬ 
ernment  by  which  the  people  may,  when  they  choose,  alter  or  amend 
the  constitutional  provisions  which  underlie  that  government.  Until 
these  constitutional  provisions  are  so  altered  or  amended,  in  orderly 
fashion,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  courts  to  see  to  it  that  when  challenged 
they  are  enforced. 

That  the  courts,  both  Federal  and  State,  may  bear  the  heavy 
burden  laid  upon  them  to  the  complete  satisfaction  of  public  opinion, 
we  favor  legislation  to  prevent  long  delays  and  the  tedious  and 
costly  appeals  which  have  so  often  amounted  to  a  denial  of  justice 
in  civil  cases,  and  to  a  failure  to  protect  the  public  at  large  in  criminal 
cases. 

Since  the  responsibility  of  the  judiciary  is  so  great,  the  standards 
of  judicial  action  must  be  always  and  everywhere  above  suspicion 
and  reproach.  While  we  regard  the  recall  of  judges  as  unnecessary 
and  unwise,  we  favor  such  action  as  may  be  necessary  to  simplify 
the  process  by  which  any  judge  who  is  found  to  be  derelict  in  his 
duty  may  be  removed  from  office. 

Together  with  peaceful  and  orderly  development  at  home,  the 
Republican  Party  earnestly  favors  all  measures  for  the  establishment 


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and  protection  of  the  peace  of  the  world,  and  for  the  development 
of  closer  relations  between  the  various  nations  of  the  earth.  It 
believes  most  earnestly  in  the  peaceful  settlement  of  interantional 
disputes  and  in  the  reference  of  all  justifiable  controversies  between 
nations  to  an  internatioanl  court  of  justice. 


Monopoly  and  Privilege 

The  Republican  Party  is  opposed  to  special  privilege  and 
monopoly.  It  placed  upon  the  statute  books  the  Interstate  Com¬ 
merce  Act  of  1887,  and  the  important  amendments  thereto,  and  the 
Anti-Trust  Act  of  1890,  and  it  has  consistently  and  successfully 
enforced  the  provisions  of  these  laws.  It  will  take  no  backward  step 
to  permit  the  re-establishment  in  any  degree  of  conditions  w^hich 
were  intolerable. 

Experience  makes  it  plain  that  the  business  of  the  country  may 
be  carried  on  without  fear  or  without  disturbance,  and  at  the  same 
time  without  resort  to  practices  which  are  abhorrent  to  the  common 
sense  of  justice.  The  Republican  Party  favors  the  enactment  of 
legislation  supplementary  to  the  existing  Anti-Trust  Act  which  will 
define  as  criminal  offences  those  specific  acts  that  uniformly  mark 
attempts  to  restrain  and  to  monopolize  trade,  to  the  end  that  those 
who  honestly  intend  to  obey  the  law  may  have  a  guide  for  their 
action  and  that  those  who  aim  to  violate  the  law  may  the  more 
surely  be  punished.  The  same  certainty  should  be  given  to  the  law 
prohibiting  combinations  and  monopolies  that  characterizes  other 
provisions  of  commercial  law,  in  order  that  no  part  of  the  field  of 
business  opportunity  may  be  restricted  by  monopoly  or  combination ; 
that  business  success  honorably  achieved  may  not  be  converted  into 
crime,  and  that  the  right  of  every  man  to  acquire  commodities,  and 
particularly  the  necessaries  of  life,  in  an  open  market  uninfluenced 
by  the  manipulation  of  trust  or  combination  may  be  preserved. 


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Federal  Trade  Commission 

In  the  enforcement  and  administration  of  Federal  laws  govern¬ 
ing  interstate  commerce  and  enterprises  impressed  with  a  public  use 
engaged  therein,  there  is  much  that  may  be  committed  to  a  federal 
trade  commission,  thus  placing  in  the  hands  of  an  administrative 
board  many  of  the  functions  now  necessarily  exercised  by  the  courts. 
This  will  promote  promptness  in  the  administration  of  the  law  and 
avoid  delays  and  technicalities  incident  to  court  procedure. 

The  Tariff 

We  reaffirm  our  belief  in  a  protective  tariff.  The  Republican 
tariff  policy  has  been  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  country,  develop¬ 
ing  our  resources,  diversifying  our  industries  and  protecting  our 
workmen  against  competition  with  cheaper  labor  abroad,  thus  estab¬ 
lishing  for  our  wage-earners  the  American  standard  of  living.  The 
protective  tariff  is  so  woven  into  the  fabric  of  our  industrial  and 
agricultural  life  that  to  substitute  for  it  a  traiff  for  revenue  only 
would  destroy  many  industries  and  throw  millions  of  our  people  out 
of  employment.  The  products  of  the  farm  and  of  the  mine  should 
receive  the  same  measure  of  protection  as  other  products  of  Amer¬ 
ican  labor. 

We  hold  that  the  import  duties  should  be  high  enough,  while 
yielding  a  sufficient  revenue  to  protect  adequately  American  indus¬ 
tries  and  wages.  Some  of  the  existing  import  duties  are  too  high, 
and  should  be  reduced.  Readjustment  should  be  made  from  time  to 
time  to  conform  to  changed  conditions  and  to  reduce  excessive 
rates,  but  without  injury  to  any  American  industry.  To  accomplish 
this  correct  information  is  indispensable.  This  information  can  best 
be  obtained  by  an  expert  commission,  as  the  large  volume  of  useful 
facts  contained  in  the  recent  reports  of  the  tariff  board  has  demon¬ 
strated  the  pronounced  feature  of  modern  industrial  life  is  its  enor¬ 
mous  diversifications.  To  apply  tariff  rates  justly  to  these  changing 
conditions  requires  closer  study  and  more  scientific  methods  than 


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ever  before.  The  Republican  Party  has  shown  by  its  creation  of  a 
tariff  board  its  recognition  of  this  situation  and  its  determination 
to  be  equal  to  it.  We  condemn  the  Democratic  Party  for  its  failure 
either  to  provide  funds  for  the  continuance  of  this  board  or  to  make 
some  other  provision  for  securing  the  information  requisite  for 
intelligent  tariff  legislation.  We  protest  against  the  Democratic 
method  of  legislating  on  these  vitally  important  subjects  without 
careful  investigation. 

We  condemn  the  Democratic  tariff  bills  passed  by  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Sixty-second  Congress,  as  sectional,  as  in¬ 
jurious  to  the  public  credit  and  as  destructive  of  business  enterprise. 

'  The  Cost  of  Living. 

The  steadily  increasing  cost  of  living  has  become  a  matter  not 
only  of  national,  but  of  world-wide  concern.  The  fact  that  it  is  not 
due  to  the  protective  tariff  system  is  evidenced  by  the  existence  of 
similar  conditions  in  countries  which  have  a  tariff  policy  different 
from  our  own,  as  well  as  by  the  fact  that  the  cost  of  living  has  in¬ 
creased,  while  rates  of  duty  have  remained  stationary  or  been  re¬ 
duced. 

The  Republican  Party  will  support  a  prompt  scientific  inquiry 
into  the  causes  which  are  operative,  both  in  the  United  States  and 
elsewhere  to  increase  the  cost  of  living.  When  the  exact  facts  are 
known  it  will  take  the  necessary  steps  to  remove  any  abuses  that 
may  be  found  to  exist,  in  order  that  the  cost  of  the  food,  clothing 
and  shelter  of  the  people  may  in  no  Avay  be  unduly  or  artificially 
increased. 

Banking  and  Currency 

The  Republican  Party  has  always  stood  for  a  sound  currency 
and  for  safe  banking  methods.  It  is  responsible  for  the  resumption 
of  specie  payments,  and  for  the  establishment  of  the  gold  standard. 
It  is  committed  to  the  progressive  development  of  our  banking  and 
currency  system.  Our  banking  arrangements  to-day  need  further 
revision  to  meet  the  requirements  of  current  conditions.  We  need 


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measures  which  will  prevent  the  recurrence  of  money  panics  and 
financial  disturbances,  and  which  will  promote  the  prosperity  of 

business  and  the  welfare  of  labor  by  producing  constant  employment. 

0 

We  need  better  currency  facilities  for  the  movement  of  crops 
in  the  West  and  South.  We  need  banking  arrangements  under 
American  auspices  for  the  encouragement  and  better  conduct  of  our 
foreign  trade.  In  attaining  these  ends  the  independence  of  individual 
banks,  whether  organized  under  National  or  State  charters,  must  be 
carefully  protected,  and  our  banking  and  currency  system  must  be 
safeguarded  from  any  possibility  of  domination  by  sectional,  finan¬ 
cial  or  political  interests. 

It  is  of  great  importance  to  the  social  and  economic  welfare 
of  this  country  that  its  farmers  have  facilities  for  borrowing  easily 
and  cheaply  the  money  they  need  to  increase  the  productivity  of  their 
land.  It  is  as  important  that  financial  machinery  be  provided  to 
supply  the  demand  of  farmers  for  credit,  as  it  is  that  the  banking 
and  currency  systems  be  reformed  in  the  interest  of  general  business. 
Therefore  we  recommend  and  urge  an  authoritative  investigation 
of  agricultural  credit  societies  and  corporations  in  other  countries, 
and  the  passage  of  State  and  Federal  laws  for  the  establishment  and 
capable  supervision  of  organizations  having  for  the  purpose  the 
loaning  of  funds  to  farmers. 

The  Civil  Service 

We  reaffirm  our  adherence  to  the  principle  of  appointment  to 
public  office  based  on  proved  fitness  and  tenure  during  good  behavior 
and  efficiency. 

The  Republican  Party  stands  committed  to  the  maintenance, 
extension  and  enforcement  of  the  civil  service  law,  and  it  favors  the 
passage  of  legislation  empowering  the  President  to  extend  the  com¬ 
petitive  service  so  far  as  practicable.  We  favor  legislation  to  make 
possible  the  equitable  retirement  of  disabled  and  superannuated 
members  of  the  civil  service,  in  order  that  a  higher  standard  of 
efficiency  may  be  maintained. 


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We  favor  the  amendment  of  the  Federal  employees’  liability  law 
so  as  to  extend  its  provisions  to  all  Government  employees  as  well 
as  to  provide  a  more  liberal  scale  of  compensation  for  injury  and 
death. 

Campaign  Contributions 

-  -  • 

We  favor  such  additional  legislation  as  may  be  necessary  more 

effectually  to  prohibit  corporations  from  contributing  funds,  directly 
or  indirectly,  to  campaigns  for  the  nomination  or  election  of  the 
President,  the  Vice-President,  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Con¬ 
gress. 

We  heartily  approve  the  recent  act  of  Congress,  requiring  the 
fullest  publicity  in  regard  to  all  campaign  contributions  whether 
made  in  connection  with  primaries,  conventions  or  elections. 

Conservation  Policy 

We  rejoice  in  the  succes's  of  the  distinctive  Republican  policy  of 
the  conservation  of  our  national  resources,  for  their  use  by  the  people 
without  waste  and  without  monopoly.  We  pledge  ourselves  to  a 
continuance  of  such  a  policy. 

We  favor  such  fair  and  reasonable  rules  and  regulations  as  will 
not  discourage  or  interfere  with  actual  bona  fide  home-seekers,  pro.s- 
pectors  and  miners  in  the  acquisition  of  public  lands  under  existing 
laws. 

In  the  interest  of  the  general  public,  and  particularly  of  the 
agricultural  or  rural  communities,  we  favor  legislation  looking  to  the 
establishment,  under  proper  regulations,  of  a  parcels  post,  the  postal 
rates  to  be  graduated  under  a  zone  similar  in  proportion  to  the 
length  of  carriage. 

Protection  of  Americaii  Citizenship 

We  approve  the  action  taken  by  the  President  and  the  Congress 
to  secure  with  Russia,  as  with  other  countries,  a  treaty  that  will 
recognize  the  absolute  right  of  expatriation,  and  that  will  prevent 


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all  discrimination  of  whatever  kind  between  American  citizens, 
whether  native  born  or  aliln,  and  regardless  of  race,  religion  or 
previous  political  allegiance.  The  right  of  asylum  is  a  precious  pos¬ 
session  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  is  to  be  neither  sur¬ 
rendered  nor  restricted. 

The  Navy 

We  believe  in  the  maintenance  of  an  adequate  navy  for  the 
national  defence,  and  we  condemn  the  action  of  the  Democratic 
House  of  Representatives  in  refusing  to  authorize  the  construction 
of  additional  ships. 

Merchant  Marine 

We  believe  that  one  of  the  country’s  most  urgent  needs  is  a 
revived  merchant  marine.  There  should  be  American  ships,  and 
plenty  of  them,  to  make  use  of  the  great  American  inter-oceanic  canal 
now  nearing  completion. 

Flood  Prevention  in  the  Mississippi  - 

• 

The  Mississippi  river  is  the  nation’s  drainage  ditch.  Its  flood 
waters,  gathered  from  thirty-one  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
constitute  an  overpowering  force  which  breaks  the  levees  and  pours 
its  torrents  over  many  million  acres  of  the  richest  land  in  the  Union, 
stopping  mails,  impeding  commerce,  and  causing  great  loss  of  life 
and  property.  These  floods  are  national  in  scope  and  the  disasters 
they  produce  seriously  affect  the  general  welfare.  The  States,  un¬ 
aided,  cannot  cope  with  this  giant  problem;  hence  we  believe  the 
Federal  Government  should  assume  a  fair  proportion  of  the  burden 
of  its  control  so  as  to  prevent  the  disasters  from  recurring  floods. 

Reclamation 

We  favor  the  continuance  of  the  policy  of  the  Government  with 
regard  to  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  and  for  the  encouragement 
of  the  speedy  settlement  and  improvement  of  such  lands  we  favor 


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an  amendment  to  the  law  that  will  reascpably  extend  the  time  within 
which  the  cost  of  any  reclamation  project  may  be  repaid  by  the  land 
owners  under  it. 

Rivers  and  Harbors 

We  favor  a  liberal  and  systematic  policy  for  the  improvement 
of  our  rivers  and  harbors.  Such  improvements  should  be  made  upon 
expert  information  and  after  a  careful  comparison  of  cost  and  pros¬ 
pective  benefits. 

Alaska 

We  favor  a  liberal  policy  toward  Alaska  to  promote  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  great  resources  of  that  district,  with  such  safeguards 
as  will  prevent  waste  and  monopoly. 

We  favor  the  opening  of  the  coal  lands  to  development  through 
a  law  leasing  the  lands  on  such  terms  as  will  invite  development  and 
provide  fuel  for  the  navy  and  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific  ocean,, 
while  retaining  title  in  the  United  States  to  prevent  monopoly. 

• 

Porto  Rico 

We  ratify  in  all  its  particulars  the  platform  of  1908  respect¬ 
ing  citizenship  for  the  people  of  Porto  Rico. 

Philippine  Policy 

The  Philippine  policy  of  the  Republican  Party  has  been  and  is 
inspired  by  the  belief  that  our  duty  toward  the  Filipino  people  is  a 
national  obligation  which  should  remain  entirely  free  from  partisan 
politics. 

Immigration 

We  pledge  the  Republican  Party  to  the  enactment  of  appro¬ 
priate  laws  to  give  relief  from  the  constantly  growing  evil  of  induced 
or  undesirable  immigration,  which  is  inimical  to  the  progress  and 
welfare  of  the  people  of  the  United  States. 


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Safety  at  Sea 

We  favor  the  speedy  enactment  of  laws  to  provide  that  seamen 
shall  not  be  compelled  to  endure  involuntary  servitude,  and  that  life 
and  property  shall  be  safeguarded  by  the  ample  equipment  of  vessels 
with  lifesaving  appliances  and  with  full  complements  of  skilled, 
able-bodied  seamen  to  operate  them. 

Republican  Accomplishment 

The  approaching  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal,  the  estab¬ 
lishment  of  a  bureau  of  mines,  the  institution  of  postal  savings 
banks,  the  increased  provision  made  in  1912  for  the  aged  and  infirm 
soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  Republic  and  for  their  widows,  and  the 
vigorous  administration  of  the  1  aws  relating  to  pure  food  and  drugs, 
all  mark  the  successful  progress  of  Republican  administration,  and 
are  additional  evidence  of  its  effectiveness. 

Economy  and  Efficiency  in  Government 

We  commend  the  earnest  effort  of  the  Republican  administra¬ 
tion  to  secure  greater  economy  and  increased  efficiency  in  the  con¬ 
duct  of  government  business.  Extravagant  appropriations  and  the 
creation  of  unnecessary  offices  are  an  injustice  to  the  taxpayer  and 
a  bad  example  to  the  citizen. 

Civic  Duty 

We  call  upon  the  people  to  quicken  their  interest  in  public 
affairs,  to  condemn  and  punish  lynchings  and  other  forms  of  law¬ 
lessness,  and  to  strengthen  in  all  possible  ways  a  respect  for  law  and 
the  observance  of  it.  Indifferent  citizenship  is  an  evil  from  which 
the  law  affords  no  adequate  protection,  and  for  which  legislation  can 
provide  no  remedy. 


Arizona  and  New  Mexico  . 

We  congratulate  the  people  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  upon 
the  admission  of  those  States,  thus  merging  in  the  Union  in  final 
and  enduring  form  the  last  remaining  portion  of  our  continental 
territory. 

Republican  Administration 

We  challenge  successful  criticism  of  the  sixteen  years  of  Re- 
publican  administration  under  Presidents  McKinley,  Roosevelt  and 
Taft.  We  heartily  reaffirm  the  endorsement  of  President  McKinley, 
contained  in  the  platforms  of  1900  and  of  1904,  and  that  of  Presi¬ 
dent  Roosevelt,  contained  in  the  platforms  of  1904  and  1908. 

We  invite  the  intelligent  judgment  of  the  American  people  upon 
the  administration  of  William  H.  Taft.  The  country  has  prospered 
and  been  at  peace  under  his  presidency.  During  the  years  in  which 
he  had  the  co-operation  of  a  Republican  Congress,  an  unexampled 
amount  of  constructive  legislation  was  framed  and  passed  in  the 
interest  of  the  people  and  in  obedience  to  their  wish.  That  legisla¬ 
tion  is  a  record  on  which  any  administration  might  appeal  with  con¬ 
fidence  to  the  favorable  judgment  of  history. 

We  appeal  to  the  American  electorate  upon  the  record  of  the 
Republican  Party  and  upon  this  declaration  of  its  principles  and 
purposes.  We  are  confident  that  under  the  leadership  of  the  can¬ 
didates  here  to  be  nominated  our  appeal  will  not  be  in  vain;  that 
the  Republican  Party  will  meet  every  just  expectation  of  the  people 
whose  servant  it  is;  that  under  its  administration  and  its  laws  our 
nation  will  continue  to  advance,  that  peace  and  prosperity  will  abide 
with  the  people  and  that  new  glory  will  be  added  to  the  great 
Republic. 


3  0112  072641878 


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DIVERSITY  OF  \LUNO>S 


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